Can Inclusion Of A Boilerplate Duty Of Loyalty Provision
Invalidate Your Covenant Not To Compete?
The Early v. MiMedx Decision
On February 10, 2015, the Georgia Court of Appeals held in Early v. MiMedx Grp, Inc., that a provision in a consulting agreement requiring an employee to devote her full working time to the performance of her duties for the employer was not a loyalty clause but, instead, constituted an illegal restraint on trade. In and of itself, the decision in Early is interesting and will undoubtedly affect how employers draft their duty of loyalty provisions. Perhaps a less obvious consequence of this decision, however, is that by reading a loyalty clause as a restrictive covenant, the Court has now placed employers in jeopardy of having their
otherwise valid, and properly tailored, restrictive covenants invalidated if they are contained in an agreement signed prior to May 11, 2011.
Sometime in January 2011, MiMedx Group, Inc. (“MiMedx”), a developer and manufacturer of patent protected bio-material based production, began discussing a potential business relationship with Ms.
Ryanne Early. As part of these discussions the parties entered into a Mutual Confidentiality and Nondisclosure Agreement (the “Nondisclosure Agreement”) which “prohibit[ed] Early from disclosing trade secrets and confidential information, which might be revealed to her during negotiations with MiMedx.” Shortly thereafter MiMidex and Ms. Early entered into a Consulting Agreement, whereby Ms. Early’s company ISE Professional Testing and Consulting Services (“ISE”) agreed to provide certain consulting services to MiMidex (the “Consulting Agreement”).
As part of the Consulting Agreement, Ms. Early was required to “devote her full working time (not less than forty (40) hours per week) to [the] performance of Consultant’s duties . . .” (the “full working time provision”). The Consulting Agreement was subsequently terminated and MiMidex filed a complaint against Ms. Early and her company seeking damages and specific performance under the Consulting Agreement and the Nondisclosure Agreement. Ms. Early filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings “contending . . . among other things that the full-time working provision of the Consulting Agreement was void and unenforceable as either a general or partial restraint of trade.” The primary issue considered on appeal involved the enforceability of the full-working-time provision.
In assessing the issue, the Georgia Court of Appeals determined that the full-time-working provision required that “Early would devote any working time to MiMedx’s business, whether or not that working time was related in any way to the type of enterprise in which MiMedx is engaged.” In fact, the parties agreed that Early would be prohibited from even doing jobs such as babysitting on the weekends or working at a bookstore. Looking to its earlier decision in Atlanta Bread Co. Intl., Inc. v. Lupton–Smith, the Court held that a provision that requires an employee to spend all her working time on the employer’s business, regardless of the type of job, is a “partial restraint of trade designed to lessen competition. ” Accordingly, the Georgia Court of Appeals deemed the full-working-time provision “a restraint of trade, rather than a loyalty provision.” The Court went on to find the provision unenforceable as it was not limited in time, territory or scope.
NLRB Postpones Effective Date of “Employee Rights” Posting Requirement
The National Labor Relations Board announced on October 5, 2011, the decision to postpone until January 31, 2012 the effective date of its recently published rule requiring employers to post notices informing employees of their rights under the National Labor Relations Act. The NLRB finalized its new notice-posting requirement in August and at that time announced that the rule would take effect on November 14, 2011. However, federal lawsuits were filed challenging the rule and prompting many questions and uncertainty from employers across the nation. To learn more about the rule, please click here to read the Alert published by the Labor & Employment Client Service Group on October 6, 2011.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) — The Benefits of a Computer Use Policy That Restricts Employee Access
Employers that provide employees unfettered access to company computer systems may unwittingly forfeit a valuable statutory remedy against the misappropriation of electronic data. Such employers should ensure that they have a computer use policy in place that explicitly distinguishes between authorized and unauthorized use. To learn more about the Act and the federal avenue it provides to pursue employees who have misappropriated electronic information, please click here to read the Alert published by the Labor & Employment Client Service Group on October 27, 2011.
Qualified Retirement Plan Limits for Calendar Year 2012
The IRS has announced its 2012 cost-of-living adjustments for retirement plans. To access a chart reflecting the qualified plan limits for calendar years 2009-2012, please click here for the Alert published by the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group on October 24, 2011.
FINCEN Issues a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Requiring Cross-Border Report for Prepaid Cards
The Financial Crimes Enforcement bureau has released a proposed rulemaking that would require consumers holding prepaid cards aggregating more than $10,000 in value to report the cards when crossing into or out of the U.S., in the same way that they report cash, travelers checks and other monetary instruments. Please click here to read the Alert published by the Financial Institutions Client Service Group on October 18, 2011.
Social Media and the National Labor Relations Act: A Trap for Unwary Employers
The use of social media has become one of the most rapidly-changing areas in employment law today. What most employers do not realize is that the National Labor Relations Board has become very active in policing both the substance of social media policies and the actions of employers in addressing social media concerns. Please click here to read an overview of NLRB activity in the area of employee use of social media published by the Labor & Employment and Internet & New Media Client Service Groups on September 23, 2011.
Check It Out and Check It Off: 2012 Group Health Plan Checklist
While the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended (“PPACA”), required significant design changes for group health plans in 2010 or 2011, some additional requirements must be implemented for 2012. Please click here to read the Alert published by the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group on September 7, 2011.
IRS Establishes a Voluntary Classification Settlement Program
The IRS recently announced a new settlement program for employers with misclassified workers. Under the new program, employers can get a significant reduction in their federal employment tax liability associated with past nonemployment treatment by agreeing to properly classify their workers for future tax period. The announcement came on the heels of recent announcements that the IRS, Department of Labor and various state agencies are collaborating on examining worker misclassification issues. To learn more about the new program, please click here to read the Alert published by the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group on September 30, 2011.
Department of Labor Issues Final Rule Requiring Follow-On Contractors to Hire Their Predecessor’s Employees
The Department of Labor issued a final rule just before Labor Day that, in effect, will given certain employees now performing under Federal government service contracts employment for life or at least for as long as the government continues to contract for those services. Although the rule does not take effect until the Federal Acquisition Regulation Council issues its complementary regulations, matters are sufficiently final that contractors should begin planning for how they are going to comply. To learn more about this new regulation, click here to read the Alert published by the Government Contracts Team on September 8, 2011.
U.S. House Panel Hears Divergent Opinions on SRO Oversight of Investment Advisers
Fund managers and other investment advisers should be aware that Congress is now considering legislation that would significantly alter regulation of the nation’s registered investment advisers. A key House subcommittee has heard widely divergent views on the proposed legislation entitled the “Investment Adviser Oversight Act of 2011.” To learn more about the draft legislation, click here to read the Alert published by the White Collar Defense and Investigations Securities Litigation and Enforcement Client Service Groups on September 20, 2011.
New Patent Reform Bill Poised to Significantly Change U.S. Patent Law
On September 8, 2011, Congress approved the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act of 2011. The Act materially alters a long history of patent law in the United States. Among the provisions addressed by the Act are who is entitled to a patent (“first to file” versus “first to invent”) and who may file a “false marking” lawsuit. To read more about how the Act alters patent law, please click here to read the Bulletin published by the Intellectual Property Client Service Group on September 12, 2011.
FinCEN Issues Final Rule on Prepaid Access; Extends Compliance Date for Many Aspects of the Final Rule
New anti-money laundering regulations that directly impact retail business that issue or sell gift cards or other prepaid cards were issued by the Department of Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), The regulations require the collection and verification of customer information when certain prepaid cards are sold or reloaded. To read an overview of the Final Rule, please click here for the Alert published by the Financial Institutions Client Service Group on September 6, 2011. The Final Rule was set to go into effect on September 27, but FinCEN announced that it has extended the compliance date for most aspects of the regulations. For information on how the compliance dates changed, please click here to read the Alert published on September 12, 2011.
New Dual/Third Country National Rule Continues to Present Challenges
A new rule took effect in August which amended the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) to include a new license exemption for the transfer of defense articles to dual/third country national employees of approved non-U.S. licensees under ITAR agreements. To read about the new rule, please click here for International Regulatory Bulletin published September 28, 2011.
DDTC Updates its “Guidelines for Preparing Electronic Agreements” to Implement New Dual/Third Country National Rule
In August, DDTC updated its “Guidelines for Preparing Electronic Agreements” (the “Guidelines”) to reflect implementation of the new rule and provide guidance to exporters preparing ITAR agreements. To learn more, please click here to read the International Regulatory Bulletin published September 28, 2011.
Electronic Payment of Registration Fees
The Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC) issued an amendment to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) that requires a change in the method of payment for registration fees. Effective September 26, 2011, all registration fees must be paid electronically via Automated Clearing House. To read about the amendment, please click here for the International Regulatory Bulletin published September 15, 2011.
French Working Time for Executives: Lump-Sum Remuneration Agreements Based on a Fixed Number of Working Days Per Year (so-called Forfaits-Jours)
The legal duration of work for employees in France is 35 hours per week, meaning that any hours required to be worked above this limit would normally be considered overtime. Executives are, however, most often not subject to this limit. For an outline of how the French Labor Code distinguishes between three types of executives, please click here to read the September 2011 Briefing published by the Paris Labor & Employment Client Service Group.
The Agency Workers Regulations 2010
UK’s new Agency Workers Regulations come into force on 1 October 2011. The regulations are intended to give agency workers the same basic employment rights and conditions as permanent staff employed directly by the relevant company. To learn about the new regulations, please click here for the September 2011 Briefing published by the London Labour and Employment Client Service Group.
China Announces Legal Changes That May Broaden Power to Investigate Bribery
In August the National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China released the draft Criminal Procedure Law Amendment to the public for comment. If passed, the amendment is expected to provide additional protection to the civil rights of accused parties. However, critics say that the amendment would also provide authorities legal cover to utilize secret locations to detain subjects suspected of engaging in acts involving national security, terrorism, or other serious crimes which may include serious bribery. To read about the amendment, please click here for the International Regulatory Bulletin published September 27, 2011.
Updated Claim Procedure Requirements for Non-Grandfathered Health Plans
The Internal Revenue Service, Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Labor have revised the interim final regulations governing internal claims and appeals and external reviews for non-grandfathered group health plans under the 2010 health reform law. The have also revised the forms for adverse benefit determinations and updated the list of state consumer assistance programs. Many of the changes ease the burden of plan administration. To learn more, please click here to read the Alert published by the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group on July 1, 2011.
IRS Issues Guidance on Health Plan Excise Tax Returns, Code Section 162(m)
On June 24, 2011, the IRS finalized rules on automatic extensions for Form 8928 Excise Tax Returns for employer-sponsored health plans and also released guidance on performance-based compensation plans of public companies. For highlights of the rules, please click here to read the Alert published by the Employee Benefit & Executive Compensation Client Service Group on July 7, 2011.
FTC Suit Signals Increased Scrutiny of Advertising Endorsements
In May, the FTC brought suit against a company that sold a promissory note business system based upon the allegation that the company used consumer testimonials that could not be substantively substantiated, and that the company did not adequately disclose the typical performance that consumers were likely to achieve. This marks the thirteenth case this year in which the Commission has alleged that a company has deceptively used testimonials and endorsements. To read more, please click here for the Bulletin published by the Consumer Protection Group on July 5, 2011.
EPA Issues The Cross-State Air Pollution Rule To Reduce Power Plant Emissions In the Eastern United States
In July the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule (Cross-State Rule), requiring power plants in 27 states to reduce their emissions of nitrogen oxides and power plants in 23 of these states to also reduce their emissions of sulfur dioxide. The purpose of the rulemaking is to ratchet down power plant emissions that contribute to elevated concentrations of ozone in downwind states. For a summary of the relevant provisions of the Clean Air Act and the new Cross-State Rule, please click here to see the Bulletin published by the Environmental Client Service Group on July 22, 2011.
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The Implications for FCPA Enforcement of the SEC’s New Whistleblower Rules
The SEC’s recent adoption of rules to implement the whistleblower program mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act has particular significance for enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. For a discussion of the overall SEC enforcement context for the new whistleblower rules, a summary of the rules, and a discussion of the key issues for FCPA enforcement, including recommendations that companies should take now, please click here to read the Alert published by the Global Anti-Corruption Team of the Securities Litigation and Enforcement and International Trade Groups on June 22, 2011.
Supreme Court De-Certifies Largest Employment Discrimination Class Action In History
In Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, the Supreme Court reversed a lower court’s decision to certify a nationwide class pursuing employment discrimination claims against the nation’s largest employer. A 5-4 majority of the Court concluded that the class of 1.5 million current and former female employees could not satisfy the commonality requirement. For a discussion of the decision, please click here to read the Alert published by the Class and Derivative Actions section of the Labor & Employment Client Service Group on June 21, 2011.
Supreme Court Draws Bright Line Barring Securities Fraud Claims Against Advisers to Companies Who Do Not “Make” Statements At Issue
In June the U.S. Supreme Court issued a significant decision restricting the ability of plaintiffs to bring securities fraud actions against adviser defendants who play a role in preparing statements actually made by companies they are advising. In Janus Group, et al. v. First Derivative Traders, the court held that an investment adviser to a mutual fund could not be sued in a private securities fraud action for false statements made in mutual fund prospectuses. To read more, please click here for the Alert published by the Securities Litigation and Enforcement practice group on June 16, 2011.
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On May 11, 2011, Georgia Governor Nathan Deal signed House Bill 30 into law, ushering in a new era for non-competition agreements (non-competes), non-disclosure agreements (NDAs), and non-solicitation covenants under Georgia law. Historically, Georgia courts have not been friendly to such agreements and have made enforceability unclear. The new statute clarifies and strengthens the ability of parties to restrict conduct during and after employment or a deal. Perhaps most importantly, the law expressly authorizes courts to cure or “blue pencil” such agreements signed on or after May 11, 2011. Under the previous regime, one faulty provision generally invalidated an entire restrictive covenant in Georgia. In addition, the new law makes clear that NDAs need not specify a time limit on a requirement to maintain information as confidential so long as the information otherwise remains confidential.
In Georgia, new consideration is not required to execute new non-competes, so employers are in a good position to strengthen their competitive protections under the revised statute, but action is required as only new agreements will enjoy the benefits of the new law. The new law also governs restrictive covenants between distributors and manufacturers, lessors and lessees, partnerships and partners, franchisors and franchisees, sellers and purchasers of a business or a commercial enterprise, and two or more employers.
In-Term Covenants Generally
The bill codifies many aspects of the law in this area that had developed in the Georgia courts. This includes the presumption that any restriction within an agreement that operates during the term of the underlying employment or business relationship is not unreasonable because it lacks any specific limitation on the scope of activity, duration, or geographic area as long as it promotes or protects the purpose of the agreement or deters any potential conflict of interest.
W-2 Reporting of Employer-Provided Health Care Costs
The 2010 health care reform legislation included an obligation for employers to inform employees of the cost of their health coverage. The IRS has now issued Notice 2011-28, which provides interim guidance for employers on W-2 reporting of the cost of coverage. For more information, please click here to read the Alert regarding the Notice published by the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group on April 5, 2011.
Form I-9: Changes to Accepted Documentation
As of May 16, 2011, the documents employees present to employers for I-9 verification are subject to new regulations. The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services of the Department of Homeland Security has issued a final rule concerning the list of acceptable documentation. To learn more about the changes in acceptable documentation, please click here to read the Alert published by the Labor & Employment Client Service Group on April 27, 2011.
Reminder for Plan Administrators to Review Confidentiality Procedures for Qualified Retirement Plans
Plan administrators of plans that offer employer stock as an investment alternative should review the disclosures provided to plan participants. Investment in employer stock represents a significant litigation threat for plan fiduciaries. However, the plan fiduciary may be relieved of liability for participant losses resulting from the decision to invest in employer stock if certain disclosures are provided under ERISA Section 404(c). To learn more, please click here to read the Alert published by the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group on April 12, 2011.
Pension Plan Reporting of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts
Representatives of pension plans with interests in foreign financial accounts may be required to report those accounts to the Internal Revenue Service. On February 24, 2011 the Treasury Department issued final regulations greatly expanding the reporting requirements for individuals and entities that hold interests in foreign accounts. To learn more about the regulations, please click here to read the Alert published April 12, 2011 by the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group.
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Department of Labor Extends Non-Enforcement Period for Certain Internal Claims and Appeals Requirements Applicable to Non-Grandfathered Plans Under the Affordable Care Act
On March 18, 2011, the Department of Labor issued Technical Release 2011-01 extending, with some modifications, the enforcement grace period established under DOL Technical Release 2010-02 until plan years beginning on or after January 1, 2012. To learn more the extension of the enforcement grace period, please click here to read the Employee Benefits and Executive Compensation Client Service Group’s Alert published March 21, 2011.
Reporting for Participants with Deferred Vested Benefits – IRS Replaces Schedule SSA
Plan administrators are required to report certain information regarding participants who separate from service with the right to a deferred vested retirement benefit. In Announcement 2011-21, the IRS designated Form 8955-SSA to be used to satisfy this reporting requirement, replacing Schedule SSA. To learn more about the filing requirements for the new form, please click here to read the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group’s Alert published March 28, 2011.
Supreme Court Says Two Exemptions are Unavailable to Companies Trying to Protect Their Information from Disclosure under FOIA
Companies frequently find that information they submit to the Federal government is sought by others — perhaps competitors — under the Freedom of Information Act. The submitting company may be able to block the disclosure if the information falls within one of the exemptions in FOIA. On March 1 the Supreme Court made two of those exemptions unavailable to companies. To read more about the Court’s decision in FCC v. AT&T Inc. please click here to read the Government Contracts Team Alert published March 3, 2011
FTC Takes a Bite Out of Cookie-Based Behavioral Advertising
On March 14, 2011, the Federal Trade Commission announced a settlement with a behavioral advertising company that places cookies in consumers’ internet browsers to track online activities. This settlement marks one of the agency’s first enforcement actions against a behavioral advertising company and signals that the FTC has begun to act on its repeated warnings about scrutinizing behavioral advertising more closely. To learn more about the settlement, please click here to read the Consumer Protection Group’s Alert published March 17, 2011.
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CPSC Opens Business Registration for New Consumer Product Safety Information Database
The new Consumer Product Safety Information Database is now available online on a trial basis, and will launch officially in March at www.SaferProducts.gov. The Database allows a broad range of people to file so-called “reports of harm” informing the CPSC about an incident or concern that the submitter believes is an indication a product is unsafe or potentially hazardous. To read more the database, please click here to see the Alert published by the Retail Team on February 3, 2011.
IRS Reverses Course — Breast Pumps and Other Lactation Supplies are Now Deductible Medical Expenses Subject to Reimbursement under FSAs, HRAs and HSAs
In Announcement 2011-14, the Internal Revenue Service concluded that breast pumps and supplies that assist lactation are medical care under Section 213(d) of the Internal Revenue Code and can therefore be reimbursed under a health flexible spending arrangement. To learn more about this announcement, please click here to read the Feburary 22, 2011 Alert published by the Employee Benefits & Executive Compensation Client Service Group.
Patent Reform Act of 2011
On January 25, 2011, The Patent Reform Act of 2011 was introduced by Senator Leahy (D-VT) with bipartisan support. The Bill is the latest installment of Congress’ attempts to pass patent legislation reform, following the Patent Reform Act of 2009 and other bills in recent years, all of which died in Congress. To learn more, please click here to read the February 22, 2011 Bulletin published by the Intellectual Property Client Service Group.
Wide-Open House Budget Debate Moves Toward Finish Line
The House continues to work towards completing a major budget bill to fund the federal government for the remainder of the 2011 fiscal year. Of the hundreds of amendments which have been offered and voted upon, major energy and environment-related amendments would reverse a law that requires the federal government to pay the legal costs of some environmental plaintiffs, de-fund the White House climate czar’s office, prevent an EPA appeals board from revoking air permits for oil exploration in the Arctic, and de-fund the EPA’s greenhouse gas emissions registry. To read more about the proposed amendments and other energy updates, please click here to see the February 18, 2011 Energy Update.
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IRS Issues Guidance Expanding and Modifying 409A Correction Program and New Reporting Requirements for Stock Transfers under ISOs and ESPPs
The IRS issued Notice 2010-80 (the “Notice”), which made favorable changes to the procedures for voluntary correction of failures to comply with Internal Revenue Code Section 409A (“Section 409A”) originally issued in Notice 2010-6. These changes should make the correction procedures more accessible and less burdensome. For a summary of the changes, please click here to read the Executive Compensation Update published by the Employee Benefits and Executive Compensation Client Service Group on December 7, 2010.
Virginia Federal Court Rules Health Reform “Individual Mandate” Unconstitutional
On December 13, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ruled that the individual mandate of the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act, as amended (“PPACA”), which requires individuals to purchase health insurance or pay a penalty, was unconstitutional. Virginia v. Sebelius, E.D. Va., No. 3:10-CV-188, memorandum opinion 12/13/10. The 42-page ruling declared that the penalty was beyond Congress’s Commerce Clause powers and could not be rationally construed as a tax. To learn more about this ruling, please click here to read the Client Alert published by the Employee Benefits and Executive Compensation Client Service Group on December 16, 2010.